Category: Computers

电脑的超频就是通过人为的方式将CPU、显卡等硬件的工作频率提高，让它们在高于其额定的频率状态下稳定工作。以Intel P4C 2.4GHz的CPU为例，它的额定工作频率是2.4GHz，如果将工作频率提高到2.6GHz，系统仍然可以稳定运行，那这次超频就成功了。

　　CPU超频的主要目的是为了提高CPU的工作频率，也就是CPU的主频。而CPU的主频又是外频和倍频的乘积。例如一块CPU的外频为100MHz,倍频为8.5,可以计算得到它的主频＝外频×倍频＝100MHz×8.5 = 850MHz。

　　提升CPU的主频可以通过改变CPU的倍频或者外频来实现。但如果使用的是Intel CPU，你尽可以忽略倍频，因为IntelCPU使用了特殊的制造工艺来阻止修改倍频。AMD的CPU可以修改倍频，但修改倍频对CPU性能的提升不如外频好。

　　而外频的速度通常与前端总线、内存的速度紧密关联。因此当你提升了CPU外频之后，CPU、系统和内存的性能也同时提升了。

CPU超频主要有两种方式：

一个是硬件设置，一个是软件设置。其中硬件设置比较常用，它又分为跳线设置和BIOS设置两种。

　　1.跳线设置超频
　　早期的主板多数采用了跳线或DIP开关设定的方式来进行超频。在这些跳线和DIP开关的附近，主板上往往印有一些表格，记载的就是跳线和DIP开关组合定义的功能。在关机状态下，你就可以按照表格中的频率进行设定。重新开机后，如果电脑正常启动并可稳定运行就说明我们的超频成功了。
　　比如一款配合赛扬1.7GHz使用的Intel 845D芯片组主板，它就采用了跳线超频的方式。在电感线圈的下面，我们可以看到跳线的说明表格，当跳线设定为1－2的方式时外频为100MHz，而改成2－3的方式时，外频就提升到了133MHz。而赛扬1.7GHz的默认外频就是100MHz，我们只要将外频提升为133MHz，原有的赛扬1.7GHz就会超频到2.2GHz上工作，是不是很简单呢：）。

另一块配合AMD CPU使用的VIA KT266芯片组主板，采用了DIP开关设定的方式来设定CPU的倍频。多数AMD的倍频都没有锁定，所以可以通过修改倍频来进行超频。这是一个五组的DIP开关，通过各序号开关的不同通断状态可以组合形成十几种模式。在DIP开关的右上方印有说明表，说明了DIP开关在不同的组合方式下所带来不同频率的改变。

例如我们对一块AMD 1800+进行超频，首先要知道,Athlon XP 1800+的主频等于133MHz外频×11.5倍频。我们只要将倍频提高到12.5，CPU主频就成为133MHz×12.5≈1.6GHz，相当于Athlon XP 2000+了。如果我们将倍频提高到13.5时，CPU主频成为1.8GHz，也就将Athlon XP 1800+超频成为了Athlon XP2200+，简单的操作换来了性能很大的提升，很有趣吧。

2.BIOS设置超频
　　现在主流主板基本上都放弃了跳线设定和DIP开关的设定方式更改CPU倍频或外频，而是使用更方便的BIOS设置。

　　例如升技（Abit）的SoftMenu III和磐正（EPOX）的PowerBIOS等都属于BIOS超频的方式，在CPU参数设定中就可以进行CPU的倍频、外频的设定。如果遇到超频后电脑无法正常启动的状况，只要关机并按住INS或HOME键，重新开机，电脑会自动恢复为CPU默认的工作状态，所以还是在BIOS中超频比较好。

　　这里就以升技NF7主板和Athlon XP 1800+ CPU的组合方案来实现这次超频实战。目前市场上BIOS的品牌主要有两种，一种是PHOENIX-Award BIOS，另一种是AMI BIOS，这里以Award BIOS为例。

　　首先启动电脑，按DEL键进入主板的BIOS设定界面。从BIOS中选择Soft Menu III Setup，这便是升技主板的SoftMenu超频功能。

进入该功能后，我们可以看到系统自动识别CPU为1800+。我们要在此处回车，将默认识别的型号改为User Define（手动设定）模式。设定为手动模式之后，原有灰色不可选的CPU外频和倍频现在就变成了可选的状态。

如果你需要使用提升外频来超频的话，就在External Clock：133MHz这里回车。这里有很多外频可供调节，你可以把它调到150MHz或更高的频率选项上。由于升高外频会使系统总线频率提高，影响其它设备工作的稳定性，因此一定要采用锁定PCI频率的办法。

Multiplier Factor一项便是调节CPU倍频的地方，回车后进入选项区，可以根据CPU的实际情况来选择倍频，例如12.5、13.5或更高的倍频。

菜鸟：如果CPU超频后系统无法正常启动或工作不稳定，我听说可以通过提高CPU的核心电压来解决，有这个道理吗？

阿萌：对啊。因为CPU超频后，功耗也就随之提高。如果供应电流还保持不变，有些CPU就会因功耗不足而导致无法正常稳定的工作。而提升了电压之后，CPU就获得了更多的动力，使超频变得更容易成功和稳定。

　　在BIOS中可以设置和调节CPU的核心电压（如图7）。正常的情况下可以选择Default（默认）状态。如果CPU超频后系统不稳定，就可以给CPU核心加电压。但是加电压的副作用很大，首先CPU发热量会增大，其次电压加得过高很容易烧毁CPU，所以加电压时一定要慎重，一般以0.025V、0.05V或者0.1V步进向上加就可以了。

3.用软件实现超频
　　顾名思义，就是通过软件来超频。这种超频更简单，它的特点是设定的频率在关机或重新启动电脑后会复原，菜鸟如果不敢一次实现硬件设置超频，可以先用软件超频试验一下超频效果。最常见的超频软件包括SoftFSB和各主板厂商自己开发的软件。它们原理都大同小异，都是通过控制时钟发生器的频率来达到超频的目的。

　　SoftFSB是一款比较通用的软件，它可以支持几十种时钟发生器。只要按主板上采用的时钟发生器型号进行选择后，点击GET FSB获得时钟发生器的控制权，之后就可以通过频率拉杆来进行超频的设定了，选定之后按下保存就可以让CPU按新设定的频率开始工作了。不过软件超频的缺点就是当你设定的频率让CPU无法承受的时候，在你点击保存的那一刹那导致死机或系统崩溃。

CPU超频秘技：
　　1.CPU超频和CPU本身的“体质”有关
　　很多朋友们说他们的CPU加压超频以后还是不稳定，这就是“体质”问题。对于同一个型号的CPU在不同周期生产的可超性不同，这些可以从处理器编号上体现出来。

　　2.倍频低的CPU好超
　　大家知道提高CPU外频比提高CPU倍频性能提升快，如果是不锁倍频的CPU，高手们会采用提高外频降低倍频的方法来达到更好的效果，由此得出低倍频的CPU具备先天的优势。比如超频健将AMD Athlon XP1700+/1800+以及Intel Celeron 2.0GHz等。

　　3.制作工艺越先进越好超
　　制作工艺越先进的CPU，在超频时越能达到更高的频率。比如Intel新推出就赢得广泛关注的Intel Celeron D处理器，采用90纳米的制造工艺，Prescott核心。已经有网友将一快2.53GHz的Celeron D超到了4.4GHz。

　　4.温度对超频有决定性影响
　　大家知道超频以后CPU的温度会大幅度的提高，配备一个好的散热系统是必须的。这里不光指CPU风扇，还有机箱风扇等。另外，在CPU核心上涂抹薄薄一层硅脂也很重要，可以帮助CPU良好散热。

　　5.主板是超频的利器
　　一块可以良好支持超频的主板一般具有以下优点：（1）支持高外频。（2）拥有良好供电系统。如采用三相供电的主板或有CPU单路单项供电的主板。（3）有特殊保护的主板。如在CPU风扇停转时可以立即切断电源，部分主板把它称为“烧不死技术”。（4）BIOS中带有特殊超频设置的主板。（5） 做工优良，最好有6层PCB板。

DLL文件是Windows系统中一种比较特殊的二进制文件，不少病毒、木马生成的DLL文件具有无进程、不可删除、启动方式多样、隐蔽性高等特点。很多时候我们是通过杀毒软件的提示知道某个DLL文件感染了病毒，但不论是在杀毒软件中选择删除该文件还是手工删除该文件都始终提示出错（图1）。

　　我们之所以无法删除可恶的DLL文件，是因为它依附到了其他进程之中，而这些进程的存在也使得DLL病毒正处于运行之中，所以要想删除它必须先把被病毒依附的进程结束了才行，那如何才能做到呢？下面教大家两个简单快速的方法。

一、手工删除
　　这里我们不需要下载任何工具，只要用Windows自带的小助手即可。首先打开命令提示符窗口，输入命令“tasklist /m BackDoorDll.dll”，效果如图2。

　　这条命令意思是检测指定名字的文件被哪些进程所调用，从结果可以看出原来DLL病毒文件插入到了进程iexplore.exe中，此进程ID为3240，那我们现在关闭该进程，用命令“taskkill /f /PID 3240”，它的意思是强行终止ID号为3240的进程（图3）。当然，我们也可以用任务管理器结束该进程。

　　结束了该进程，BackDoorDll.dll没了依靠，就可以去直接删除它了。
　　这只是简单的处理方法，如果BackDoorDll.dll插入到多个进程中，就要一个一个地结束这些进程。还有，如果病毒程序随时监控各个进程，一旦发现某个进程被结束就立刻再次启动该进程或被插入的是系统必需进程，无法被结束，这怎么办呢？
　　别担心，我们继续请出Windows自带的助手，就是利用NTFS分区格式的文件限制功能，设置某个文件是否可以被程序调用、访问。通过这个功能，我们一样可以阻止病毒DLL文件被调用，从而彻底地清除顽固的DLL文件。使用文件限制功能的必要条件是必须禁用简单文件共享。
　　双击打开“我的电脑”，点击菜单命令“工具”→“文件夹选项”→“查看”，在高级设置的选项卡下去掉“简单文件共享”的选择。
　　然后找到无法删除的DLL文件，右击它，在弹出的菜单中选择“属性”→“安全”，再单击“高级”按钮，在弹出的窗口中去掉“从父项继承那些可以应用的到子对象的权限项目，包括那些在此明确定义的项目”前面的钩,再在弹出的窗口中单击“删除”,最后单击“确定”。
　　这样就没有任何用户和文件可以访问和调用这个DLL文件了。重新启动系统就可以删除该DLL文件了。
　　该方法虽好但也有个条件，就是顽固的DLL文件所在的磁盘分区必须是NTFS格式的。

二、使用工具软件
　　这里我们使用著名的安全工具——冰刃，下载地址：http://www.shudoo.com/bzsoft。
　　运行软件后选择“进程”，在任意一个进程上右击，选择最后一项“查找模块”。在弹出的搜索框中输入已经知道的DLL文件名,然后点击最下面的“搜索”即可查看到结果。
　　这里不仅列举了所有被该病毒插入的进程，还会显示出进程中该DLL文件所在的位置及被插入进程的文件位置，可以防止病毒伪装成系统中正常的DLL文件名字。本例中，BackDoorDll.dll依附到了IE浏览器进程之中，于是我们在冰刃中找到IE的进程并右击，选择“模块信息”，在弹出框中找到BackDoorDll.dll这项，再点击右边的“卸载”或“强行卸载”按钮。
　　最后再用tasklist /m BackDoorDll.dll命令复查一下，系统中已经没有BackDoorDll.dll文件的进程了。这样，我们就可以直接删除这个顽固的DLL文件了。

You would be very hard pressed to find someone who has never heard of a laptop. As you may already know a laptop is nothing more then a small, portable type of personal computer. They usually have the same capabilities as the larger desktop PC with a few minor differences. Power used to run one of the laptops is generally created by a rechargeable battery which is built into your laptop.

The initial concept dates back to the early 70s when Alan Kay proposed what was known as the Dynabook concept. This was a very early idea for the current laptop. Later this very concept was further developed by Xerox but the resultant computers were not available to the public at that time. The first commercially available laptop appeared in 1980. To those who may be able to think back that far, try and remember the portable machine know as the Osborne 1. This version of a laptop was distributed by the Osborne Computer Corporation and it was extremely heavy and bulky. It has a miniature 5 inch monitor built in which actually was based upon a television set.

After the Osborne appeared a number of companies entered the portable computer field including Compaq, Kaypro and Epson. It wasn’t until the 90’s that the battery powered laptop came into its own right. At the close of the 90’s technology had brought about many different improvements to the laptop computer.

A visit today to one of your local computer stores will reveal a vast selection of laptops with an assortment of looks, various hard drive options, diverse operating systems and different installed applications. You will quickly note that many of the major electronic equipment companies have their versions of the laptop readily available for purchase on the shelves as well. You will see names such as Sony, Dell, Toshiba, Apple, Compaq as well as some of the lesser known business names. The looks of the laptops can vary greatly in their size, the color selections, different screen sizes and various weights.

You are now able to select a laptop computer with numerous RAM capacities, hard drives that are of various speeds and sizes, CD/DVD drives, ready to run network capabilities, various sound quality or graphic capabilities. Each computer manufacturer has certain traits that make their machines desirable. As an example the Apple computer is known far and wide for their great abilities to create and edit images, videos and sounds while the Dell computers are known predominantly for their various customization options as well as their economical price.

Generally laptops will include all of the same capabilities as would be found within desktop computers. They usually are equipped with a standard operating system, various software programs and a graphics card. The major difference in the laptop is the mouse setup. The mouse on a laptop is built into the keyboard whereas the mouse on the normal PC is a separate entity. Generally, if you are averse to using the built in mouse the laptops come with a USB port where you can plug in a normal mouse for use.

When asked what the major processors are in America today one would likely state either Intel or AMD. Both processor companies comprise nearly 90 plus percent of the current market in the United States today. It is the intention of this article to actually attempt to compare the popular Intel processors with those of AMD. Since Intel has continually provided the industry lead for a processor with very general first-class overall performance it stands to reason that AMDAMD on the other hand has continually demonstrated its intentions towards maintaining a very competitive price to performance ratio which could potentially bring them in a vast sum of the processor market. In order to accomplish this amazing take control feat the AMD processors will need to competitively beat each of Intel’s competitions during a technical showdown. will clearly has their job cut out for them.
Although Intel has in the past generously offered a few lower priced options such as Core 2 Duo E4300 or the Celeron processor most of their offerings are of the nominal price range. Their philosophy is generally to concentrate upon the speed and power other then price. In contrast the AMD lineup continues to offer their best selling array of capable Athlon 64 X2’s ranging from models 3600+ all the way to the models 6000+. In addition, as part of their marketing process, AMD has been known to often sell multiple products under one performance based model number. Some of the processors features may actually vary slightly according to the particular model. These variations could be in the area of the clock frequency, the cache size or the memory/socket type.

As in the past AMD will more then likely continue to traditionally provide a fairly direct response in relationship to both cost and performance for most of the Core 2 members range. Usually one will note that the most effected differences usually appear at the high end where one finds the Athlon 64’s performance starts to take its toll. Keep in mind that the Athlon 64 X2 6000+ usually you will discover that these units sell at a substantial discount as opposed to the Core 2 Duo E6700.

AMD has been known to provide an occasional “best deal” offer on a randomly selected processor which would normally sell for a considerable more costly price tag in an effort to slice a bit off of Intel’s healthy profit levels. This is likely an intentional management practice and represents a major facet of AMD’s modern marketing strategy. The practice as found tends to toss out the window any beneficial actions being performed if one was to try and do a price versus performance based comparison.

With VGA you see a change in the terminology from adapter to array. This was a result of the fact that VGA graphics started to come on the motherboard as a single chip and not as plug-in adapter boards that took up an expansion slot in the computer. While since replaced with other standards for general use, VGA’s 640×480 remains a sort of lowest common denominator for all graphics cards. Indeed, even the Windows splash screen logo comes in at 640×480 because it shows before the graphics drivers for higher resolution are loaded into the system.

VGA supports both graphics and text modes of operation and can be used to emulate most (but not all) of the EGA, CGA, and MDA modes of operation). The most common VGA graphics modes include:

640×480 in 16 colors. This is a planar mode with four bit planes. When speaking about VGA, this is the mode most often thought of and is often what is meant when some say “VGA.”
640×350 in 16 colors.
320×200 in 16 colors.
320×200 in 256 colors (Mode 13h). This is a packed-pixel mode.
The VGA specification dictated 256KB of video RAM, 16- and 256-color modes, a 262,144 color palette (six bits for each of red, green, and blue), a selectable master clock (25 MHz or 28 MHz), up to 720 horizontal pixels, up to 480 lines, hardware smooth scrolling, split screen support, soft fonts, and more.

Another VGA programming trick essentially created another graphics mode: Mode X. By manipulating the 256 KB video RAM four separate planes could be formed where each used 256 colors. Mode X transferred some of the video memory operations to the video hardware instead of keeping them with the CPU. This sped up the display for things like games and was most often seen in 320×240 pixel resolution as that produced square pixels in 4:3 aspect ratio. Mode X also allowed double buffering; a method of keeping multiple video pages in memory in order to quickly flip between them. All VGA 16-color modes supported double buffering; only Mode X could do it in 256 colors.

Many other programming tweaks to VGA could (and were) also performed. Some, however, caused monitor display problems such as flickering, roll, and other abnormalities so they were not used commercially. Commercial software typically used “safe” VGA modes.

Video memory typically mapped into real mode memory in a PC in the memory spaces…

B0000h (used for monochrome text mode)
B8000h (used for color text and CGA graphics modes)
A0000h (used for EGA/VGA graphics modes)
Note that by using the different memory areas it is possible to have two different monitors attached and running in a single computer. Early on, Lotus 1-2-3 took advantage of this by having the ability to display “high resolution” text on an MDA display along with color (low-resolution) graphics showing an associated graph of some part of the spreadsheet. Other such uses included coding on one screen with debugging information on another and similar applications.